![pageSearch](/themes/hestia/images/page-search.webp)
Summer to Test Power Grids, Hunt for Transformers Continues
Nov 29, 2023Beryllium Oxide (BeO) Powder Market 2023 Grow at 2.9% CAGR and US$ 99 Million Market Value by 2028
Dec 10, 2023Carbon
Dec 13, 2023Influence of the modifiers in polyol method on magnetically induced hyperthermia and biocompatibility of ultrafine magnetite nanoparticles
Jul 21, 2023Role of vanadium ions substitution on spinel MnCo2O4 towards enhanced electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen generation
Jul 26, 2023RETRACTED ARTICLE: Biosynthesis of Zn
![Jul 25, 2023](/themes/hestia/images/news-details-icon1.webp)
Scientific Reports volume 12, Article number: 9442 (2022) Cite this article
1921 Accesses
9 Citations
8 Altmetric
Metrics details
This article was retracted on 06 June 2023
This article has been updated
Zn-doped CuFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were eco-friendly synthesized using plant extract. These nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). SEM image showed spherical NPs with size range less than 30 nm. In the EDS diagram, the elements of zinc, copper, iron, and oxygen are shown. The cytotoxicity and anticancer properties of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs were evaluated on macrophage normal cells and A549 lung cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 NPs on A549 cancer cell lines were analyzed. The Zn-doped CuFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 NPs demonstrated IC50 values 95.8 and 278.4 µg/mL on A549 cancer cell, respectively. Additionally, Zn-doped CuFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 NPs had IC80 values of 8.31 and 16.1 µg/mL on A549 cancer cell, respectively. Notably, doping Zn on CuFe2O4 NPs displayed better cytotoxic effects on A549 cancer cells compared with the CuFe2O4 NPs alone. Also spinel nanocrystals of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 (~ 13 nm) had a minimum toxicity (CC50 = 136.6 µg/mL) on macrophages J774 Cell Line.
Nanotechnology is a part of science and technology in which small dimensions in the range of nanoscale play a crucial role on this science1,2,3. Nanotechnology involves the production and use of particles at the size scale of molecules and intracellular structures4,5. Nanoscale is commonly considered to deal with particles in the size range < 100 nm (at least in one dimension), which called nanoparticles6,7,8. Nanostructures have been employed in all different fields of science and technology such as nanomedicine9, gene/drug delivery10, energy11,12, agriculture13,14,15,16, and even space17. Thus, the current growing trends show that nanotechnology is playing an important role in the scientific revolutions. Recent developments in science18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 and technology29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 even in engineering40,41,42, epidemiology43,44,45,46,47,48,49, mathematics50,51,52,53,54 and geometry55,56,57,58 have significant impact on human health59,60,61 and life62,63,64,65,66,67,68. Nanoparticles (NPs) with different shapes69,70,71,72,73 and sizes have been widely fabricated via a large number of physicochemical and bio-based synthesis techniques74, including electron irradiation, chemical reduction75,76, sol gel77, microwave-assisted synthesis78, and plant-mediated synthesis techniques79,80,81,82. However, there are still several challenging issues regarding their stability, aggregation/sedimentation, size distribution, and control of morphology83,84,85.
The synthesis of NPs with unique physicochemical properties and multifunctionality are among the topics of interest for researchers86,87,88. Multimetallic NPs have recently received attention in medical and biomedical fields89. These NPs have illustrated suitable stability, multifunctionality, and applicability for various clinical and biomedical appliances90. Among them, magnetic copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) NPs as spinel ceramic materials91 demonstrated suitable antioxidant effects and good biodegradability. Spinel ferrites have the general formula of "MFe2O4" where "M" represents divalent cation (Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, Mg, Ni, etc.)92. Additionally, these NPs can be utilized for cellular labeling, hyperthermia, and anticancer applications. Copper ferrite NPs caused liver HepG2 cancer cells necrosis (in vitro) by increasing the oxidative stress and caspase-3 activity1. Also, these multimetallic magnetic particles have low production costs, and can be recycled in water treatment90,93.
Magnetic zinc ferrites (ZnFe2O4) are recyclable and biocompatible catalysts with high anti-inflammatory activity94. Zinc ferrite NPs demonstrated good biocompatibility and hemocompatibility with human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF) and red blood cells (RBC), respectively. On the other hand, they have high toxicity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by increasing reactive oxygene stress (ROS)95. Ferrite multi-metals such as nickel zinc ferrite and chromium copper ferrite have shown promising clinical and biomedical applicability due to their unique physicochemical features. The antibacterial properties of chromium copper ferrite NPs are greater than those of copper ferrite NPs. With the addition of chromium metal, the surface-to-volume ratio in chromium copper ferrite NPs was increased, and these NPs had more damaging activity against bacterial membranes96. In vitro studies demonstrated that nickel zinc ferrite NPs had time-dependent and concentration cytotoxicity against colon HT29, breast MCF7, and liver HepG2 cancer cells. They could increase the apoptosis of cancer cells by mitochondrial and chromosomal damages. Maximum cell death in liver cancer cells was at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, and also it was observed in colon and breast cancer cells at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL97.
Herein, for the first time, Zn-doped copper ferrite (Zn-doped CuFe2O4) NPs were eco-friendly synthesized using plant extracts. Nasturtium extract was utilized as the main precursor for the synthesis of nanostructures with low toxicity and high stability. Physicochemical properties of nanostructures synthesized by applying Nasturtium officinale extract were evaluated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In vitro studies of Zn-doped copper ferrite nanostructures against A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells were performed based on 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method.
Tetrazolium dye (MTT) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), and 1% penicillin–streptomycin solution were procured from INOCLON (Tehran, Iran). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Biochrome (Berlin, Germany). Ferric nitrate (Fe (NO3)3. 9H2O, ≥ 98%), zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 98%), and copper (II) chloride (CuCl2·2H2O, ≥ 99.0%) salts were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company. All the steps were performed under sterile conditions. Deionized water was utilized in all stages. A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells and murine macrophage cell line (J774-A1) were obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran's (Iran) cellular bank. Cells were cultivated in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% antibiotic mixture (penicillin/streptomycin), and maintained at humidified atmosphere under standard conditions (37 °C, 5% CO2).
The young leaves of the Nasturtium plant were washed with deionized water. The surface moisture of the leaves was removed at 27 °C and turned into a soft powder. 1 g of plant powder was mixed by 10 mL of deionized water and stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The plant extract was filtered by Whatman filter paper (the size No. 40) and centrifuged. Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (1.7 g), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.8 g), and CuCl2·2H2O (0.8 g) salts were added to 21 mL of plant extract and dissolved at room temperature under vigorous stirring, respectively. After complete dissolution of salts, the pH of the mixture was increased from 4 to 7 by adding NaOH 1 M under the same conditions. After that, 15 mL of deionized water was added dropwise to the mixture and sterilized continuously for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was transferred to an autoclave and placed in an oven at 170 °C for 13 h. The synthesized NPs were washed several times with deionized water. Finally, the obtained powder was dried at 80 °C for 10 h and calcined at 400 °C for 10 h.
For the cytotoxicity analysis of NPs on macrophages J774 cell line, we determined the CC50 (cytotoxicity concentration for 50% of cells) for various concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 µg/mL) of Zn-doped CuFe2O4, ZnO98, CuO99, and CuFe2O4 NPs on macrophages. Macrophage cells were plated at 106 cells/mL in 96-well Lab-Tek (Nunc, USA) and left to adhere for 24 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2. After removing the non-adherent cells by washing with DMEM medium, the cells were incubated at similar conditions as mentioned before. Thereafter, 190 µL of complete DMEM medium was added in each well, and after that 10 µL of NPs dilution was added (as previously prepared in medium). Macrophages were preserved with the NPs from 1 to 1000 µg/mL for 72 h. The cytotoxicity rate was evaluated using the WST1 colorimetric cell viability assay as previously defined in the promastigote sensitivity assay. All experiments were performed in triplicate similar to the previous stages100.
The cytotoxicity of Zn-doped CuFe2O4, ZnO, CuO, and CuFe2O4 NPs (various concentrations: 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 µg/mL) against A549 lung cancer cells was measured based on MTT assay for 72 h. 104 cells/cm2 were seeded in 96-well plates. After attaching the cells to the plate wall, different concentrations of NPs were added and incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 72 h. After this procedure, the cells were washed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and the medium was discarded. In the following, 5 mg/mL of MTT dye in PBS was applied to each well, and the plate was incubated for 4 h. 100 µL of DMSO solution was added to each well, and then stored in the dark place at 25 °C for 15 min. Finally, using a microplate reader, the absorbance of dissolved formazan was measured at 570 nm (DYNEX MRX, USA). The proportion of viable cells to untreated cells was deployed to characterize the relative viability of A375 cells. The inhibitory concentration needed for 50% and 80% cytotoxicity (IC50 and IC80) was assessed by applying the Probit test and plotting the level of inhibition vs. the concentration.
The XRD analysis was performed using an X'PertPro (Panalytical Company, Holland) diffractometer with wavelength of X-ray beam 1.5 Å and Cu anode material. XRD measurements were performed to determine the crystalline phase and nature of biogenic nanostructures (2θ range from 10° to 80°). XRD data of plant extract and nanostructures are depicted in Fig. 1a,b. The presence of strong peaks in 2θ range 35.7°, 62.5°, and 39° confirmed the crystalline phases of copper-ferrite (CuFe2O4)101 and zinc-doped copper ferrite (Zn doped CuFe2O4) NPs in the synthesized NPs, respectively. The reflection planes 111 (18.5°), 220 (30°), 311 (35.7°), 400 (43°), 422 (53.5°), 511 (57°), 440 (62.5°), and 533 (72.5°) verified the spinel crystallites phase102 of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 as described previously103,104.
XRD diagram of plant extract (a) and Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs (b).
In the XRD pattern, the reflection (311) is the most intense peak. The lattice constant was calculated using the interplanar spacing distance and the respective (hkl) parameters using the following relation105:
The crystallite size was estimated from the most intense peak of XRD data (311). The crystallite size was calculated as a function of Zn content x using Debye–Scherrer's formula (D = 0.9λ/β cos θ). In this formula "λ" is the wavelength of the X-ray radiation, "β" is the full-width half maximum and "2θ" is the diffraction angle. As a result, the crystallite size of NPs was found to be ~ 20 nm.
FTIR analysis of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs in the range of 300 to 4000 cm−1 with KBr pellet was performed by tensor II (Bruker Company, Germany) device. FTIR analysis identified the functional groups and chemical bonds present in the synthesized NPs (Fig. 2). Peaks 476, 551, and 1049 cm−1 established the stretching bond of O atom in the CuFe2O4 structure106,107. The 551 and 1049 cm−1 broad peaks were attributed to the octahedral spinel structure of CuFe2O4 NPs. The weak peak transfer of 476 cm−1 to the two regions 551 and 1049 cm−1 confirmed the transfer of the O stretching bond from the tetrahedral location to the octahedral location108,109. The peaks of 3449 and 3346 cm−1 can be attributed to the stretching vibration of O–H group of nasturtium (plant) phenolic compounds. It was revealed that phenolic compounds of plants played a reducing role for the synthesis of metal NPs110.
FT-IR spectra of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs.
Elemental composition and morphology evaluations of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs were performed using FESEM-EDS. Surface images with a magnification of 50.00 Kx (Fig. 3a) and components (Fig. 3b) of the Zn-doped CuFe2O4 were obtained using Sigma VP, ZEISS Company equipped with EDS detector of Oxford Instruments Company. SEM image with bright-field background demonstrated spherical NPs with size range less than 30 nm. In the EDS diagram, the elements of zinc, copper, iron, and oxygen are shown. The presence of Cu, Zn, Fe and O elements in EDS spectra confirmed the formation of deposited Zn-doped CuFe2O4 spinel ferrite. The elemental composition of all samples was correlated to the stoichiometric theoretical composition of Zn-doped CuFe2O4.
FESEM-EDS analysis: (a) SEM image (b) EDS diagram of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs.
Thermal analysis of not calcinated Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs was performed to investigate the formation of the spinel ferrite phase of the prepared spinel ferrite, as previously described111. Changes in the physical behavior of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs were evaluated using TGA based on temperature and time using TG 209 F3Tarsus®, NETZSCH Germany Company device (Fig. 4). TGA and DTA evaluations of the NPs were performed under N2 atmosphere at the heating rate of 10 °C/min within the temperature range 25–800 °C. Weight loss at about 200 °C was attributed to the decomposition of metal hydroxide and the crystallization of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs112.
TGA curves of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs.
The cytotoxicity properties of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs were evaluated on macrophage normal cells and A549 lung cancer cells for 72 h, respectively. On the other hand, for better evaluation of anticancer effects of the components in Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs, the aforementioned tests were performed on ZnO, CuO, and CuFe2O4 NPs. Results obtained from cytotoxicity analysis of Zn-doped CuFe2O4, ZnO, CuO, and CuFe2O4 NPs on murine macrophages, with CC50 values of 136.6, 762.36, 98.5, and 309.3 µg/mL, are shown in Fig. 5a, respectively. According to CC50 values, Zn-doped CuFe2O4, ZnO, and CuFe2O4 NPs displayed no significant cytotoxic effects against macrophage cells, but CuO NPs illustrated significant cytotoxic effects against normal macrophage cells. Based on our results, Zn-doped CuFe2O4, ZnO, and CuFe2O4 NPs were safer for mammalian cells. According to the results, CuO NPs caused oxidative stress and genetic toxicity in mammalian normal cells113,114. The cytotoxic effects of Zn- doped CuFe2O4, ZnO, CuO, and CuFe2O4 NPs exposed to 1–1000 µg/mL on A549 cancer cell lines are shown in Fig. 5b. The Zn-doped CuFe2O4, ZnO, CuO, and CuFe2O4 NPs demonstrated IC50 values 95.8, 113.1, 120.2, and 278.4 µg/mL on A549 cancer cell, respectively. Additionally, Zn- doped CuFe2O4, ZnO, CuO, and CuFe2O4 NPs had IC80 values of 8.31, 12.81, 8.7, and 16.1 µg/mL on A549 cancer cell, respectively. According to the results, these NPs had anticancer properties against lung cancer cells. Due to the high toxicity of CuO NPs against normal macrophage cells, these NPs are not suitable therapeutic agents. On the other hand, further evaluations demonstrated that ZnO NPs had significant toxicity against A549 cancer cells at 31.2 μg/mL. Consequently, the toxicity of ZnO NPs depends on the concentration, time, and size of the NPs115. ZnO NPs were synthesized using Mangifera indica and illustrated good anticancer properties against A549 cancer cells116. Additionally, CuO NPs were eco-friendly fabricated using Ficus religiosa, showing desirable anticancer properties against A549 cancer cells with increased apoptosis117.
Cytotoxicity analysis: (a) the cytotoxicity of NPs against murine macrophages (J774 cells), and (b) the cytotoxicity of NPs on A549 lung cancer cells.
In this study, Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs were synthesized using N. officinale medicinal plant extract. The physicochemical properties of the NPs were determined by XRD, ETIR, SEM, EDX and TGA analysis. The biocompatibility and anticancer properties of the NPs and their components (ZnO, CuO, and CuFe2O4 NPs) were evaluated against macrophages J774 Cell Line and A549 lung cancer cells, respectively, for 72 h. XRD and FTIR evaluation of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs confirmed two crystalline phases of CuFe2O4 and Zn-doped CuFe2O4. The elements (carbon, zinc, copper, iron, and oxygen) of the synthesized spherical NPs were approved by EDS analyses. According to IC50 data, Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs had the highest anticancer properties. According to the results obtained from anticancer tests, ZnO and CuO NPs exhibited an increased A549 cell mortality. However, CuO NPs had high toxicity on macrophages normal cells. In recent decades, the application of biogenic NPs together with the phenolic compounds of medicinal plants can be considered as an attractive alternative for the treatment of cancers. N. officinale (family: brassicaceae) is an aquatic plant that has significant amounts of iron, calcium, folic acid, glucosinolates, and vitamins C and A. This medicinal plant has significant anticancer and antioxidant properties due to its phenolic compounds118. Methanolic extract of this plant has been shown to increase A549 cancer cell mortality by activating apoptotic agents118. On the other hand, multimetallic NPs have been focused by researchers due to the synergy of metal elements and multifunctionality119,120. Additionally, by increasing the phenolic compounds of Nasturtium extract, the antioxidant activity was enhanced with the lowest IC50121.
Zn-doped CuFe2O4 nanopowders were successfully synthesized in one step using Nasturtium plant extract. The NPs were characterized by XRD, FTIR, EDS, TGA, and SEM. The biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs were evaluated on macrophages cell Line. Additionally, the anticancer properties of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs against A549 lung cancer cells were evaluated. As a result, doping Zn on CuFe2O4 NPs displayed better cytotoxic effects on A549 cancer cells compared with the CuFe2O4 NPs alone. Also spinel crystallites of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 (~ 13 nm) had a minimum toxicity (CC50 = 136.6 µg/mL) on macrophages J774 Cell Line.
The Zn-doped CuFe2O4 are multi-metallic with suitable applicability and biocompatibility, which should be further studied particularly for the treatment and diagnosis of cancers and infectious diseases. Additionally, these nanomaterials with unique optical and magnetic properties can be considered as attractive candidates for catalytic applications.
The datasets used and analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36215-z
Ahmad, J. et al. Differential cytotoxicity of copper ferrite nanoparticles in different human cells. J. Appl. Toxicol.36(10), 1284–1293 (2016).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
He, H. et al. Metal–organic framework supported Au nanoparticles with organosilicone coating for high-efficiency electrocatalytic N2 reduction to NH3. Appl. Catal. B302, 120840 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhang, Y. et al. Experimental study on the effect of nanoparticle concentration on the lubricating property of nanofluids for MQL grinding of Ni-based alloy. J. Mater. Process. Technol.232, 100–115 (2016).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhang, Y. et al. Experimental evaluation of the lubrication performance of MoS2/CNT nanofluid for minimal quantity lubrication in Ni-based alloy grinding. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf99, 19–33 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
Gao, T. et al. Grindability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer using CNT biological lubricant. Sci. Rep.11(1), 1–14 (2021).
Article MathSciNet Google Scholar
Zhang, Y. et al. Experimental evaluation of MoS2 nanoparticles in jet MQL grinding with different types of vegetable oil as base oil. J. Clean. Prod.87, 930–940 (2015).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Li, B. et al. Heat transfer performance of MQL grinding with different nanofluids for Ni-based alloys using vegetable oil. J. Clean. Prod.154, 1–11 (2017).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang, Y. et al. Processing characteristics of vegetable oil-based nanofluid MQL for grinding different workpiece materials. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Green Technol.5(2), 327–339 (2018).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Gao, T. et al. Dispersing mechanism and tribological performance of vegetable oil-based CNT nanofluids with different surfactants. Tribol. Int.131, 51–63 (2019).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Das, S. S. et al. Stimuli-responsive polymeric nanocarriers for drug delivery, imaging, and theragnosis. Polymers12(6), 1397 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chu, Y.-M. et al. Enhancement in thermal energy and solute particles using hybrid nanoparticles by engaging activation energy and chemical reaction over a parabolic surface via finite element approach. Fractal Fract.5(3), 119 (2021).
Article Google Scholar
Chu, Y.-M. et al. Combined impact of Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion and radiative heat flux on bio-convective flow of Maxwell liquid configured by a stretched nano-material surface. Appl. Math. Comput.419, 126883 (2022).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Wang, Y. et al. Experimental evaluation of the lubrication properties of the wheel/workpiece interface in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) grinding using different types of vegetable oils. J. Clean. Prod.127, 487–499 (2016).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Guo, S. et al. Experimental evaluation of the lubrication performance of mixtures of castor oil with other vegetable oils in MQL grinding of nickel-based alloy. J. Clean. Prod.140, 1060–1076 (2017).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang, Y. et al. Experimental evaluation of the lubrication properties of the wheel/workpiece interface in MQL grinding with different nanofluids. Tribol. Int.99, 198–210 (2016).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Jia, D. et al. Experimental verification of nanoparticle jet minimum quantity lubrication effectiveness in grinding. J. Nanopart. Res.16(12), 1–15 (2014).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhang, J. et al. Experimental assessment of an environmentally friendly grinding process using nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication with cryogenic air. J. Clean. Prod.193, 236–248 (2018).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Nazeer, M. et al. Theoretical study of MHD electro-osmotically flow of third-grade fluid in micro channel. Appl. Math. Comput.420, 126868 (2022).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Iqbal, M. A. et al. Study on date–Jimbo–Kashiwara–Miwa equation with conformable derivative dependent on time parameter to find the exact dynamic wave solutions. Fractal Fract.6(1), 4 (2021).
Article Google Scholar
Chu, H.-H., Zhao, T.-H. & Chu, Y.-M. Sharp bounds for the Toader mean of order 3 in terms of arithmetic, quadratic and contraharmonic means. Math. Slovaca70(5), 1097–1112 (2020).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Song, Y.-Q. et al. Optimal evaluation of a Toader-type mean by power mean. J. Inequal. Appl.2015(1), 1–12 (2015).
Article MathSciNet CAS MATH Google Scholar
Sun, H. et al. A note on the Neuman-Sándor mean. J. Math. Inequal.8(2), 287–297 (2014).
Article ADS MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Wang, M.-K. et al. Inequalities for generalized trigonometric and hyperbolic functions with one parameter. J. Math. Inequal14(1), 1–21 (2020).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Karthikeyan, K., et al. Almost sectorial operators on Ψ‐Hilfer derivative fractional impulsive integro‐differential equations.Math. Methods Appl. Sci. (2021).
Xu, H.-Z., Qian, W.-M. & Chu, Y.-M. Sharp bounds for the lemniscatic mean by the one-parameter geometric and quadratic means. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A. Matemáticas116(1), 1–15 (2022).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Rashid, S. et al. Some further extensions considering discrete proportional fractional operators. Fractals30(01), 2240026 (2022).
Article ADS MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H., Qian, W.-M. & Chu, Y.-M. Sharp power mean bounds for the tangent and hyperbolic sine means. J. Math. Inequal.15(4), 1459–1472 (2021).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H., Wang, M.-K. & Chu, Y.-M. Concavity and bounds involving generalized elliptic integral of the first kind. J. Math. Inequal.15(2), 701–724 (2021).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Ji, X., et al. Purification, structure and biological activity of pumpkin polysaccharides: a review. Food Rev. Int. 1–13 (2021).
Ji, X., et al. An insight into the research concerning Panax ginseng CA Meyer polysaccharides: a review. Food Rev. Int. 1–17 (2020)
Wang, K., Wang, H. & Li, S. Renewable quantile regression for streaming datasets. Knowl.-Based Syst.235, 107675 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Zhao, T. H., Khan, M. I., & Chu Y. M. Artificial neural networking (ANN) analysis for heat and entropy generation in flow of non‐Newtonian fluid between two rotating disks. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. (2021).
Zhao, T.-H., Qian, W.-M. & Chu, Y.-M. On approximating the arc lemniscate functions. Indian J. Pure Appl. Math.53, 316–329 (2022).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Hajiseyedazizi, S. N. et al. On multi-step methods for singular fractional q-integro-differential equations. Open Mathematics19(1), 1378–1405 (2021).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T., Wang, M. & Chu, Y. On the bounds of the perimeter of an ellipse. Acta Mathematica Scientia42(2), 491–501 (2022).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H. et al. Landen inequalities for Gaussian hypergeometric function. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A. Matemáticas116(1), 1–23 (2022).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H., Wang, M.-K. & Chu, Y.-M. Monotonicity and convexity involving generalized elliptic integral of the first kind. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A. Matemáticas115(2), 1–13 (2021).
Article MathSciNet Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H., He, Z.-Y. & Chu, Y.-M. On some refinements for inequalities involving zero-balanced hypergeometric function. AIMS Math.5(6), 6479–6495 (2020).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H., Wang, M.-K. & Chu, Y.-M. A sharp double inequality involving generalized complete elliptic integral of the first kind. AIMS Math.5(5), 4512–4528 (2020).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Qiao, W. et al. Fastest-growing source prediction of US electricity production based on a novel hybrid model using wavelet transform. Int. J. Energy Res.46(2), 1766–1788 (2022).
Article MathSciNet Google Scholar
Qiao, W. et al. An innovative coupled model in view of wavelet transform for predicting short-term PM10 concentration. J. Environ. Manag.289, 112438 (2021).
Article Google Scholar
Zhang, S.-W. et al. Hydrate deposition model and flow assurance technology in gas-dominant pipeline transportation systems: A review. Energy Fuels36, 1747–1775 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Singha, A. et al. The impact of metabolic syndrome on clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study. Int. J. Sci. Res. Dental Med. Sci.3(4), 161–165 (2021).
Google Scholar
Baghizadeh Fini, M., Seraj, B. & Ghadimi, S. COVID-19 in Pediatric Patients: A Literature Review. Int. J. Sci. Res. Dental Med. Sci.2(4), 126–130 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wei, F. F. et al. Evaluating the treatment with favipiravir in patients infected by COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Sci. Res. Dental Med. Sci.2(3), 87–91 (2020).
CAS Google Scholar
Hirman, A. R., Murad, F. A. & Nikzad, A. A. Severe scabies after COVID-19: A case report. Int. J. Sci. Res. Dental Med. Sci.2(3), 97–100 (2020).
CAS Google Scholar
Casaroto, A. R. et al. Evaluating epidemiology, symptoms, and routes of COVID-19 for dental care: A literature review. Int. J. Sci. Res. Dental Med. Sci.2(2), 37–41 (2020).
CAS Google Scholar
Aponte Mendez, M. et al. Dental care for patients during the Covid-19 outbreak: A literature review. Int. J. Sci. Res. Dental Med. Sci.2(2), 42–45 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jamali, S. et al. Prevalence of malignancy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Sci. Res. Dental Med. Sci.2(2), 52–58 (2020).
CAS Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H., He, Z.-Y. & Chu, Y.-M. Sharp bounds for the weighted Hölder mean of the zero-balanced generalized complete elliptic integrals. Comput. Methods Funct. Theory21(3), 413–426 (2021).
Article ADS MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H. et al. On approximating the quasi-arithmetic mean. J. Inequal. Appl.2019(1), 1–12 (2019).
Article MathSciNet CAS Google Scholar
Chu, Y. & Zhao, T. Concavity of the error function with respect to Hölder means. Math. Inequal. Appl19(2), 589–595 (2016).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H. et al. Best possible bounds for Neuman-Sándor mean by the identric, quadratic and contraharmonic means. Abstract Appl. Anal.2013, 348326 (2013).
MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H., Chu, Y.-M. & Liu, B.-Y. Optimal bounds for Neuman-Sándor mean in terms of the convex combinations of harmonic, geometric, quadratic, and contraharmonic means. Abstr. Appl. Anal.2012, 302635 (2012).
Article MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H., Shen, Z.-H. & Chu, Y.-M. Sharp power mean bounds for the lemniscate type means. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A. Matemáticas115(4), 1–16 (2021).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Chu, Y.-M. & Zhao, T.-H. Convexity and concavity of the complete elliptic integrals with respect to Lehmer mean. J. Inequal. Appl.2015(1), 1–6 (2015).
Article MathSciNet CAS MATH Google Scholar
Chu, Y.-M., Wang, H. & Zhao, T.-H. Sharp bounds for the Neuman mean in terms of the quadratic and second Seiffert means. J. Inequal. Appl.2014(1), 1–14 (2014).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Rashid, S. et al. Some recent developments on dynamical ℏ-discrete fractional type inequalities in the frame of nonsingular and nonlocal kernels. Fractals30, 2240110 (2022).
Article ADS MATH Google Scholar
Liu, M. et al. Cryogenic minimum quantity lubrication machining: from mechanism to application. Front. Mech. Eng.16(4), 649–697 (2021).
Article Google Scholar
Zha, T.-H. et al. A fuzzy-based strategy to suppress the novel coronavirus (2019-NCOV) massive outbreak. Appl. Comput. Math.20, 160–176 (2021).
MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
He, Z.-Y. et al. Fractional-order discrete-time SIR epidemic model with vaccination: Chaos and complexity. Mathematics10(2), 165 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Xiao, G. et al. Fatigue life analysis of aero-engine blades for abrasive belt grinding considering residual stress. Eng. Fail. Anal.131, 105846 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Jin, F. et al. On nonlinear evolution model for drinking behavior under Caputo-Fabrizio derivative. J. Appl. Anal. Comput.12, 790–806 (2022).
MathSciNet Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H., Shi, L. & Chu, Y.-M. Convexity and concavity of the modified Bessel functions of the first kind with respect to Hölder means. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A. Matemáticas114(2), 1–14 (2020).
Article MATH Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H. et al. Quadratic transformation inequalities for Gaussian hypergeometric function. J. Inequal. Appl.2018(1), 1–15 (2018).
Article MathSciNet Google Scholar
Zhao, T.-H., Yang, Z.-H. & Chu, Y.-M. Monotonicity properties of a function involving the psi function with applications. J. Inequal. Appl.2015(1), 1–10 (2015).
Article MathSciNet Google Scholar
Chu, Y., Zhao, T. & Liu, B. Optimal bounds for Neuman-Sándor mean in terms of the convex combination of logarithmic and quadratic or contra-harmonic means. J. Math. Inequal8(2), 201–217 (2014).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Yuming, C., Tiehong, Z. & Yingqing, S. Sharp bounds for Neuman-Sándor mean in terms of the convex combination of quadratic and first Seiffert means. Acta Math. Sci.34(3), 797–806 (2014).
Article MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar
Khatami, M. et al. Calcium carbonate nanowires: greener biosynthesis and their leishmanicidal activity. RSC Adv.10(62), 38063–38068 (2020).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alijani, H. Q. et al. Biosynthesis of spinel nickel ferrite nanowhiskers and their biomedical applications. Sci. Rep.11(1), 1–7 (2021).
Article Google Scholar
Xu, P. et al. Quantum chemical study on the adsorption of megazol drug on the pristine BC3 nanosheet. Supramol. Chem.33(3), 63–69 (2021).
Article MathSciNet CAS Google Scholar
Gao, T. et al. Mechanics analysis and predictive force models for the single-diamond grain grinding of carbon fiber reinforced polymers using CNT nano-lubricant. J. Mater. Process. Technol.290, 116976 (2021).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Xin, C., et al. Minimum quantity lubrication machining of aeronautical materials using carbon group nanolubricant: from mechanisms to application. Chin. J. Aeronaut. (2021).
Arkaban, H. et al. Polyacrylic acid nanoplatforms: Antimicrobial, tissue engineering, and cancer theranostic applications. Polymers14(6), 1259 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Salarpour, S. et al. The application of exosomes and exosome-nanoparticle in treating brain disorders. J. Mol. Liquids350, 118549 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wang, F. et al. Numerical solution of traveling waves in chemical kinetics: Time-fractional fishers equations. Fractals30, 2240051 (2022).
Article ADS MATH Google Scholar
Ghazal, S. et al. Sol-gel synthesis of selenium-doped nickel oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of their cytotoxic and photocatalytic properties. Inorg. Chem. Res.5(1), 37–49 (2021).
Google Scholar
Sharma, R., Gyergyek, S. & Andersen, S. M. Microwave-assisted scalable synthesis of Pt/C: Impact of the microwave irradiation and carrier solution polarity on nanoparticle formation and aging of the support carbon. ACS Appl. Energy Mater.5, 705–716 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Haghighat, M. et al. Cytotoxicity properties of plant-mediated synthesized K-doped ZnO nanostructures. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng.45, 97–105 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cao, Y. et al. Ceramic magnetic ferrite nanoribbons: Eco-friendly synthesis and their antifungal and parasiticidal activity. Ceram. Int.48, 3448–3454 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hamidian, K. et al. Cytotoxic performance of green synthesized Ag and Mg dual doped ZnO NPs using Salvadora persica extract against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10 cells. Arab. J. Chem.15(5), 103792 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hashemi, N. et al. Leishmanicidal activities of biosynthesized BaCO3 (witherite) nanoparticles and their biocompatibility with macrophages. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng.44(9), 1957–1964 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ren, S. et al. Well-defined coordination environment breaks the bottleneck of organic synthesis: Single-atom palladium catalyzed hydrosilylation of internal alkynes. Nano Res.15(2), 1500–1508 (2022).
Article ADS MathSciNet CAS Google Scholar
Gao, T. et al. Surface morphology assessment of CFRP transverse grinding using CNT nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication. J. Clean. Prod.277, 123328 (2020).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Min, Y. et al. Predictive model for minimum chip thickness and size effect in single diamond grain grinding of zirconia ceramics under different lubricating conditions. Ceramics Int.45, 14908–14920 (2019).
Article Google Scholar
Zhang, Y. et al. Analysis of grinding mechanics and improved predictive force model based on material-removal and plastic-stacking mechanisms. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf122, 81–97 (2017).
Article Google Scholar
Yang, M. et al. Maximum undeformed equivalent chip thickness for ductile-brittle transition of zirconia ceramics under different lubrication conditions. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf122, 55–65 (2017).
Article Google Scholar
Jia, D. et al. Lubrication-enhanced mechanisms of titanium alloy grinding using lecithin biolubricant. Tribol. Int.169, 107461 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Shafiee, A. et al. Core-shell nanophotocatalysts: Review of materials and applications. ACS Appl. Nano Mater.5, 55–86 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Khanna, L., Gupta, G. & Tripathi, S. Effect of size and silica coating on structural, magnetic as well as cytotoxicity properties of copper ferrite nanoparticles. Mater. Sci. Eng. C97, 552–566 (2019).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Caddeo, F. et al. Evidence of a cubic iron sub-lattice in t-CuFe2O4 demonstrated by X-ray Absorption Fine Structure. Sci. Rep.8(1), 797 (2018).
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gore, S. K. et al. Grain and grain boundaries influenced magnetic and dielectric properties of lanthanum-doped copper cadmium ferrites. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron.33(10), 7636–7647 (2022).
CAS Google Scholar
Masunga, N. et al. Recent advances in copper ferrite nanoparticles and nanocomposites synthesis, magnetic properties and application in water treatment. J. Environ. Chem. Eng.7(3), 103179 (2019).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Marzouk, A. A., Abu-Dief, A. M. & Abdelhamid, A. A. Hydrothermal preparation and characterization of ZnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of multi-substituted imidazoles and study of their anti-inflammatory activity. Appl. Organomet. Chem.32(1), e3794 (2018).
Article Google Scholar
Haghniaz, R. et al. Anti-bacterial and wound healing-promoting effects of zinc ferrite nanoparticles. J. Nanobiotechnol.19(1), 1–15 (2021).
Article Google Scholar
Ansari, M. A. et al. Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial activity of spinel chromium-substituted copper ferrite nanoparticles for biomedical application. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym Mater.28(6), 2316–2327 (2018).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Al-Qubaisi, M. S. et al. Cytotoxicity of nickel zinc ferrite nanoparticles on cancer cells of epithelial origin. Int. J. Nanomed.8, 2497 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
Khatami, M. et al. Rectangular shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles: Green synthesis by Stevia and its biomedical efficiency. Ceram. Int.44, 15596–15602 (2018).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Khatami, M. et al. Copper/copper oxide nanoparticles synthesis using Stachys lavandulifolia and its antibacterial activity. IET Nanobiotechnol.11, 709–713 (2017).
Article PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hashemi, N. et al. Leishmanicidal activities of biosynthesized BaCO3 (witherite) nanoparticles and their biocompatibility with macrophages. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng.44, 1957–1964 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tumberphale, U. B. et al. Tailoring ammonia gas sensing performance of La3+-doped copper cadmium ferrite nanostructures. Solid State Sci.100, 106089 (2020).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhang, W. et al. Low-temperature H2S sensing performance of Cu-doped ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles with spinel structure. Appl. Surf. Sci.470, 581–590 (2019).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Goya, G. & Rechenberg, H. Superparamagnetic transition and local disorder in CuFe2O4 nanoparticles. Nanostruct. Mater.10(6), 1001–1011 (1998).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ramaprasad, T. et al. Effect of pH value on structural and magnetic properties of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized by low temperature hydrothermal technique. Mater. Res. Express5(9), 095025 (2018).
Article Google Scholar
Nawle, A. C. et al. Deposition, characterization, magnetic and optical properties of Zn doped CuFe2O4 thin films. J. Alloys Compd.695, 1573–1582 (2017).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kombaiah, K. et al. Conventional and microwave combustion synthesis of optomagnetic CuFe2O4 nanoparticles for hyperthermia studies. J. Phys. Chem. Solids115, 162–171 (2018).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Calvo-de la Rosa, J. & Segarra Rubí, M. Influence of the synthesis route in obtaining the cubic or tetragonal copper ferrite phases. Inorg. Chem.59(13), 8775–8788 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dayana, P. N., et al. Zirconium doped copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles for the enhancement of visible light-responsive photocatalytic degradation of rose Bengal and indigo carmine dyes. J. Cluster Sci. 1–11 (2021).
Manikandan, V. et al. Effect of In substitution on structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles. J. Magn. Magn. Mater.432, 477–483 (2017).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Raeisi, M. et al. Magnetic cobalt oxide nanosheets: Green synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng.44, 1423–1432 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Deshmukh, S. et al. Urea assisted synthesis of Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 (0 ≤ x≤ 0.8): Magnetic and Mössbauer investigations. J. Alloys Compd.704, 227–236 (2017).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Rathod, S. M. et al. Ag+ ion substituted CuFe2O4 nanoparticles: Analysis of structural and magnetic behavior. Chem. Phys. Lett.765, 138308 (2021).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ahamed, M. et al. Assessment of the lung toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles: current status. Nanomedicine10(15), 2365–2377 (2015).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ahamed, M. et al. Genotoxic potential of copper oxide nanoparticles in human lung epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.396(2), 578–583 (2010).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Selvakumari, D. et al. Anti cancer activity of ZnO nanoparticles on MCF7 (breast cancer cell) and A549 (lung cancer cell). ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci.10(12), 5418–5421 (2015).
Google Scholar
Rajeshkumar, S. et al. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles usingMangifera indica leaves and evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties in lung cancer (A549) cells. Enzyme Microb. Technol.117, 91–95 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kalaiarasi, A. et al. Copper oxide nanoparticles induce anticancer activity in A549 lung cancer cells by inhibition of histone deacetylase. Biotech. Lett.40(2), 249–256 (2018).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Adlravan, E. et al. Potential activity of free and PLGA/PEG nanoencapsulated nasturtium officinale extract in inducing cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology61, 102256 (2021).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Chaturvedi, V. K. et al. Rapid eco-friendly synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic study of trimetallic stable nanomedicine: A potential material for biomedical applications. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports24, 100812 (2020).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nasrollahzadeh, M. et al. Trimetallic Nanoparticles: Greener Synthesis and Their Applications. Nanomaterials10(9), 1784 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mazandarani, M., Momeji, A., & Zarghami, M. P. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activities from different parts of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. in Mazandaran (2013).
Download references
This work was supported by Nimad institute.
Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Maryam Darvish
Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Navid Nasrabadi
Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Farnoush Fotovat
Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Setareh Khosravi
Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Mehrdad Khatami
Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
Samira Jamali
Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Elnaz Mousavi
Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Siavash Iravani
Department of Physics, University of Zabol, P. O. Box. 98613-35856, Zabol, Iran
Abbas Rahdar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Mehrdad Khatami or Samira Jamali.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36215-z"
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Darvish, M., Nasrabadi, N., Fotovat, F. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Biosynthesis of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 nanoparticles and their cytotoxic activity. Sci Rep 12, 9442 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13692-2
Download citation
Received: 16 February 2022
Accepted: 26 May 2022
Published: 08 June 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13692-2
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
Scientific Reports (2023)
Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials (2023)
Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering (2022)
Applied Physics A (2022)
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.